【沈俊杰】論清代公所公益職能的狹隘性：以一包養經驗蘇州為中間

Keywords: Public office; public welfare; worship; burial of life and death; burial of life and family;

1. Introduction

“Gusu is a famous area in Jiangzuo, and is a famous cultural relic, which is the national dynastyIt is recommended, and outside the door, the merchants gathered, and the goods were sold, and the collar was carried in the mountain pond, which was long time since Chengdu. ”[①]

The industrial and commercial industry in Suzhou in the Qing Dynasty developed rapidly. The prefecture chronicles during the Tongzhi period read: “(Time) The boats traveling to the mountains, the boats carrying prostitutes, the fish are among the green waves and red doors, and the songs of bamboo and croakers are similar to the sound of the city. Any money, clothes, flowers, fruits, and rare things will be beneficial to the age of strange things. If the carved lacquer is made of lacquer, it has been emptied for a long time since the Zhejiang and Song dynasties, and now it is all exquisite. The more human nature is, the more things are produced. ”[②]

As accompanies the prosperous industrial and commercial trade, a large number of industrial and commercial organizations, the offices became the mainstream of Suzhou’s industrial and commercial organizations after the war of ​​the Pangshe. Therefore, the offices in Sucheng and Sucheng in the Qing Dynasty were able to study the economic situation of industrial and commercial industries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(Suzhou in the Qing Dynasty)

What is more important is that a large number of industrial and commercial inscriptions that were popular in the industry and commercial industry at that time have been preserved to this day. According to the Suzhou Inscription Museum, there were nearly 260 industrial and commercial inscriptions during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and nearly 40 industrial and commercial industries were exposed. There are twenty-five steles related to the office.

Sitting in this series of stele materials, “Economic Stele of Industry and Commerce” compiled by the Suzhou Stele Museum, “Collection of Industrial and Commercial Stele of Ming and Qing Dynasty” compiled by the Suzhou Stele Museum and the History Department of the Jiangsu Museum and the Jiangsu Teacher Fan Academy, and Nanjing Ming and Qing Dynasty History Research Office, and “Ming and Qing Dynasty” compiled by Wang Guoping and Tang Lixing, a major scholar of Suzhou The collection of social history in Suzhou during the period is a reliable data on the development of the Gusu industry and commerce in the Qing Dynasty.

The office was the most important industrial and commercial organization in the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, it was to help the businessmen of the bank avoid the government and the gang. On the other hand, it was also based on the fact that industrial and commercial workers in various industries rely on feelings, live in peace, and live in death and burial. It is generated by the consideration of needs.

Therefore, the office has both professional industry and unique social welfare responsibilities. As for the office’s industry, “the office is a businessman and local businessman who is not exclusive to the business, and cooperates with the organization of merchants and handicraftsmen who are combined according to the industry, which highlights its industry nature and is also a business organization of a certain industry in a certain place. ”[③]

The commons of the Qing Dynasty rose, and agility replaced the club and became a package of The business organization that was comparable to that of the company was not only because of the company’s more professional industry capabilities, but also because of the company’s urgent needs in the industrial and commercial market that was perfected by the company.